What is Vaginitis?

Vaginitis, commonly described as inflammation of the vagina, is one of the most frequent gynecological conditions affecting women. It is estimated that one in three women will experience vaginitis at least once during their lifetime. Although vaginitis can occur at any age, it is particularly common between puberty and menopause, the reproductive years in which hormonal activity is high.

A small amount of clear or cloudy white discharge is considered normal in healthy women, as it helps keep the vaginal tissue moist and maintains the natural vaginal flora. However, factors such as hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, vaginal douching, antibiotic use, and infections can disrupt this delicate balance.

When the vaginal flora becomes imbalanced, harmful microorganisms—including bacteria, fungi, or parasites—can multiply rapidly. This leads to irritation and inflammation of the vaginal epithelium, resulting in symptoms such as itching, increased discharge, and unpleasant odor. At this stage, medical evaluation is essential.

Understanding Vaginitis and the Vaginal Flora

The vagina is a mucosal structure that connects the female reproductive organs to the external environment. Like the mouth and intestines, it provides a moist habitat where microorganisms can live. Together, the mucosal surface and its microorganisms form the vaginal flora, a natural protective system essential for vaginal health.

Vaginal cells contain estrogen receptors. Estrogen supports the conversion of stored glycogen into lactic acid, forming the acidity necessary for maintaining healthy flora. A normal vaginal pH of 3.8 to 4.2 allows beneficial bacteria—especially lactobacilli—to thrive. Approximately 30 different microbial species can be found in this environment.

Lactobacilli:

• Produce lactic acid to maintain acidic pH
• Prevent harmful microorganisms from multiplying
• Protect the structure and function of the vaginal mucosa

However, lactobacilli levels may decrease due to:

• Vaginal douching
• Sexual activity
• Hormonal imbalances
• Antibiotic therapy
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

When lactobacilli decline, harmful bacteria and fungi proliferate, leading to vaginitis. Symptoms such as increased discharge, unpleasant odor, and itching are common indicators.

What Are the Symptoms of Vaginitis?

Vaginitis typically presents with symptoms caused by disruption of the vaginal flora.

These may include:

• Increased or abnormal vaginal discharg
• Foul or fishy odor
• Vaginal itching or burning
• Pain or discomfort during intercourse
• Pain or burning during urination
• Vaginal bleeding or spotting in some cases

Because symptoms can vary depending on the cause, many women also ask, “What is acute vaginitis?”

What Is Acute Vaginitis?

Acute vaginitis refers to short-term inflammation of the vagina caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Also known by the diagnostic code N76.0, it is characterized by:

• Itching and irritation
• Unpleasant odor
• Grayish, watery discharge
• Localized vaginal discomfort

Acute vaginitis requires prompt treatment, and the therapeutic approach depends on the underlying cause.

Patients diagnosed with N76.0 commonly ask:

• “What does N76.0 acute vaginitis mean?”
• “What is acute vaginitis?”
  Both questions refer to the same condition: acute inflammation requiring medical evaluation.

What Is Atrophic Vaginitis?

Atrophic vaginitis, sometimes called senile vaginitis, is most common in women after menopause. During menopause:

• Estrogen levels decrease
• Glycogen in vaginal cells is depleted
• Lactic acid production declines
• Vaginal pH increases
• Harmful bacteria multiply more easily

As a result, women may experience dryness, itching, irritation, and painful intercourse. This explains the frequently asked question “What is senile vaginitis?”

What Is Subacute and Chronic Vaginitis?

Vaginitis is considered:

• Chronic vaginitis when symptoms persist for more than six weeks or recur four or more times per year.
• Subacute vaginitis when the infection is no longer acute but has not yet become chronic.

Although acute, subacute, and chronic vaginitis share similar symptoms, chronic cases are particularly concerning due to prolonged inflammation and the potential to affect the cervix.

Chronic vaginitis may require combination therapy, including:

• Oral or vaginal medications
• Ozone therapy
• Aromatherapy support

Such treatments aim to restore vaginal balance and improve quality of life.

What Causes Vaginitis?

The most common cause of vaginitis is bacterial vaginitis, which answers the question: “What causes vaginitis?” This occurs when the vaginal flora becomes imbalanced and lactobacilli levels drop.

Types and causes of vaginitis include:

1. Bacterial Vaginitis (Gardnerella / Nonspecific Vaginitis)

Caused by the overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria.

2. Monilial (Fungal) Vaginitis

Often caused by Candida species.
Thus, “What is Candida vaginitis?” refers to yeast-induced vaginitis.

3. Atrophic Vaginitis

Triggered by low estrogen levels, especially during and after menopause.

Other contributing factors

• Having multiple sexual partners
• Use of intrauterine devices (IUDs)
• Washing the vagina with antiseptics
• Wearing synthetic underwear
• Poorly rinsed laundry detergent residue
• Long-term antibiotic use
• Menopause-related hormonal changes

Can Vaginitis Cause a Delay in Menstruation?

Yes. Vaginitis can sometimes cause menstrual delay. Inflammation triggered by bacteria, fungi, or parasites may disrupt the hormonal system or overall vaginal health, leading to changes in the menstrual cycle.

How Is Vaginitis Treated?

Treatment begins with a gynecological examination and laboratory testing to identify the underlying cause.

Treatment options include:

• Fungal vaginitis: Antifungal medications
• Bacterial vaginitis: Oral or vaginal antibiotics
• Parasitic vaginitis: Antiprotozoal therapy
• Atrophic vaginitis: Topical estrogen treatments

Because some forms of vaginitis can be sexually transmitted, partners may also require treatment. Sexual activity should be avoided until therapy is complete.

What Happens if Vaginitis Is Left Untreated?

If untreated, vaginitis can lead to:

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
• Preterm birth
• Persistent chronic infection
• Increased risk of upper genital tract complications

Timely diagnosis and treatment are therefore essential.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does vaginitis go away on its own?

In most cases, no. Bacterial and fungal vaginitis typically require medical treatment to resolve.

Is vaginitis contagious?

Certain types, such as trichomonas-related vaginitis, can be sexually transmitted. Yeast and bacterial vaginitis are not considered contagious.

Can vaginitis affect fertility?

If untreated, vaginitis—especially bacterial vaginitis—may impact sperm motility or increase the risk of PID, potentially affecting fertility.

What does vaginitis smell like?

Bacterial vaginitis often has a strong, fish-like odor. Yeast infections usually produce minimal or no odor.

How can vaginitis be prevented?

Avoid vaginal douching, choose cotton underwear, maintain healthy hygiene, and use antibiotics only when medically necessary.