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Cervical dysplasia is the abnormal development of tissues within the cervix (the lower part of the uterus). Cervical dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Conditions in which a small number of cells show disorganization are referred to as CIN I. Conditions where abnormal cells cover half of all layers are called moderate dysplasia, or CIN II, while situations where the entire surface is irregular are termed CIN III.
Cervical dysplasia has been found to be linked to the sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV). It is more commonly seen in individuals with multiple partners and/or those who begin sexual activity at an early age. Additionally, it is associated with smoking and folic acid deficiency.
Cervical dysplasia typically does not present noticeable symptoms.
Dysplasia is diagnosed through a painless and simple test called a Pap smear. A sample (tissue particles) is taken from the cervix using a brush or cotton swab, spread onto a glass slide, and sent to a pathology laboratory for examination. The smear test can be performed in a clinic or hospital. Specialist doctors screen the cervix using colposcopy. Samples from abnormal tissues are taken for pathological examination.
Mild cervical dysplasia typically resolves without treatment. Studies are being conducted regarding beta-carotene treatment. If mild dysplasia remains untreated, a repeat Pap smear and colposcopic examination should be done 4-6 months later.
In cases of moderate dysplasia, the area may be frozen, cauterized, or abnormal cells may be destroyed using laser treatment. An excisional procedure called LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) can also be performed to remove abnormal cells with a wire loop. These procedures can be easily done in an outpatient clinic without requiring hospitalization.
In cases of severe dysplasia, a cone-shaped biopsy is performed to remove abnormal cells from the cervix. This procedure can be done surgically using cautery, laser, or LEEP. The tissue removed should be examined in the laboratory to check for areas that may have turned cancerous.
After a cone biopsy, some women may have difficulty becoming pregnant or may experience miscarriages. If you have undergone this procedure, you should inform your doctor when you become pregnant.
After cervical dysplasia treatment, you should have a Pap smear test every 6 months for the first 2 years, and then annually thereafter. This will help in detecting any recurrences.
If you smoke, you should quit and avoid spending excessive time in smoking environments. You should try to consume foods rich in folic acid (such as spinach, oranges, and chicken liver). To minimize your risk of cervical dysplasia, it is advisable to prefer monogamy
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