Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), is the combination of physical and emotional changes some women experience right before menstruation. About 12% of menstruating women are diagnosed with PMS, but the severity of the syndrome depends on each woman. During menstruation, 80% of women present at least one PMS symptom. Some symptoms may prevent women from keeping up with their daily lives.
What is the cause of PMS?
PMS is thought to be caused by the hormonal changes which occur in the second half of the menstrual cycle. Rather than hormone levels per se, sudden fluctuations in hormone levels are the main factor causing PMS. Both the nervous system and other hormonal regulation systems of women experiencing PMS overreact to this fluctuation.
What are the symptoms of PMS?
Symptoms usually appear a few days before the menstrual flow.
Physical changes:
• Bloating sensation
• Breast tenderness
• Weight gain
• Headaches
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation
• Muscle and joint pain
• Acne
Emotional changes:
• Moodiness
• Anger
• Depression
• Anxiety
How is PMS diagnosed?
In the diagnosis of PMS, psychiatric disorders such as underlying depression and anxiety, hypothyroidism, endometriosis and other disorders that may be confused with PMS symptoms should be investigated. At least
5 of the symptoms listed above should be observed approximately 5 days before the menstrual flow to diagnose PMS. These symptoms should disappear after the menstrual cycle.
How is PMS treated?
There is no single treatment method for PMS. Exercise, rest, lowering stress, reducing intake of salt, sugar and caffeine may help relieve the symptoms. Women experiencing intense emotional changes may resort to using antidepressants or anxiolytics. Birth control pills are another group of medication known to relieve PMS symptoms. While they provide vitamins B and D, and calcium, whether they are beneficial in this situation is still controversial.
How can I prevent PMS?
Since the cause of PMS is not clearly known, there is no way to prevent it. Healthy eating habits, regular exercise, and anti-inflammatory drugs may help with the symptoms. If your symptoms persist or change in any way, consult your doctor without to investigate any possible underlying issues
